LSECs restore their fenestrae function and therapeutic agent or nanoparticles are allowed to access the space of Disse to play a role. HSC, hepatic stellate cell; KC, Kupffer cell; LSEC ...

Caption (A) Evaluation of therapeutic effects by administering the peptide as eye drops to mice with induced dry AMD. (B) In control mice with AMD, black drusen accumulation and atrophy and ...

One could argue that it is the most important group of issues, because it encompasses the actual therapeutic effect of the drug. Drugs have effects on the body. That is why we give them to patients.

A major part of the drug development process is to weed out those compounds whose side effects overwhelm their therapeutic effects. This gets to the fundamental issue of efficacy vs effectiveness.