Moistening saliva fed into the mouth from nearby glands starts the process of chemical digestion using specialized proteins called enzymes. Secreted at various points along the digestive tract ...

In this Pavlovian picture, the nervous system controlled and coordinated the output of digestive glands, which also responded to different foodstuffs with specific secretions. Appetite had a ...

In heart urchins, like Echinocardium shown below, there is an additional caecum (ca) that contains digestive glands. For a detailed description of digestion and the digestive system in echinoids, see ...

gastric glands produce mucus to protect the stomach lining, hydrochloric acid for digestion and digestive enzymes such as pepsinogen. But this environment is harsh, with a low pH, frequent ...