Measuring shot noise without external influences is not easy. In a metal, the vibration of the atoms’ lattice can push ...

Bohr suggested the revolutionary idea that electrons "jump" between energy levels (orbits) in a quantum fashion, that is, without ever existing in an in-between state. Thus when an atom absorbs or ...

the electron from each atom feels an attraction from the proton in the other atom's nucleus. This attraction pulls the atoms together. The electrons end up being shared by the atoms in a region around ...

The attraction by the chlorine atoms is stronger than the attraction by the calcium atom. Two electrons are transferred from the calcium atom, one to each chlorine atom. Calcium becomes a +2 ion and ...