and is appealing to species other than ants. In Madagascar, some geckos have been observed lapping up the honeydew produced by plant hoppers. This may be mutualism, with the gecko's presence keeping ...

For example, a well documented mutualism is the ant-plant interaction (reviewed in Heil & McKey 2003). Plants provide domatia and/or nectar for the ants and receive protection from insect ...

thereby enhancing the overall resilience of the ant-plant mutualism[2]. Additionally, a review of mutualistic interactions between ants and fungi highlighted the complexity of these relationships.

These collaborations can range from the nourishing ties between plants ... and diverse ant symbionts, with numerous species evolving complex relationships that range from mutualism to outright ...

Example: “ Clidemia heterophylla and Piperaceae musteum are both plants with ant domata, meaning that there is an ant mutualism which protects them from a higher level of herbivory.” In the methods ...