Chadron is a city and the county seat of Dawes County, Nebraska, United States, in the Great Plains region. The population was 5,206 at the 2…Chadron is a city and the county seat of Dawes County, Nebraska, United States, in the Great Plains region. The population was 5,206 at the 2020 census. The city is home to an 11-story high-rise on the campus of Chadron State College, with the building being the tallest in the Nebraska Panhandle.